Throughout human history, we have seen both born and go into oblivion empire for decades, centuries and even millennia. If it is true that history repeats itself, then perhaps we can learn to better understand the mistakes and achievements of the greatest empires - centenarians in the world.
Empire - is a difficult word to define. Although this term is often scattered, it is nevertheless often used in the wrong context and distorts political location country. The simplest definition describes a political unit, which controls another political body. Basically this country or group of people who control policies at power unit.
The term "hegemony" is often used along with the Empire, but they have significant differences, as well as the obvious differences between the concepts of "leader" and a "bully." Hegemony operates as a coherent set of international rules, while the Empire produces and sells these same rules.Hegemony is the dominance of one group over the other groups, however, requires the consent of the majority to the leading group remained in power.
What empire in history lasted the longest, and what can we learn from them? Below we consider these kingdoms of the past as they were formed, as well as the factors that eventually led to their downfall.
10. The Portuguese Empire
Portuguese empire is remembered for the fact that it has one of the strongest navies, has ever seen the world. Less well known is the fact that it is up to 1999 is not "left" to the ground. The kingdom lasted for 584 years. It was the first global empire in history, which operated on four continents, and she was born in 1415, when the Portuguese captured the Muslim city of North Africa Cueto (Cueta). Expansion continued as they move to Africa, India, Asia and America.
After the Second World War in many areas activated on decolonization efforts, thus many European countries "came out" of their colonies all over the world.Up until 1999, this did not happen with Portugal, when she finally refused to Macau in China, signaling the "end" of the empire.
Portuguese Empire was able to expand so much because of her great weapons, maritime superiority, as well as the ability to quickly build ports for trade in sugar, slaves and gold. She also had enough strength to win new people and getting land. But, as is the case with the majority of empires throughout history, conquered the region, ultimately sought to reclaim their land back.
The Portuguese empire collapsed for several reasons, including international pressure and economic tensions.
9. The Ottoman Empire
At the peak of its power, the Ottoman Empire was located on three continents, covering a wide range of cultures, religions and languages. Despite these differences, the empire managed to thrive for 623 years, from 1299 to 1922 year.
The Ottoman Empire got its start as a small Turkish state, after a weakened Byzantine Empire left the region. Osman I pushed the boundaries of his empire outside, relying on strong legal, educational and military systems as well as a unique method of transferring power. The Empire continued to expand and, in the end, winning Constantinople in 1453 and extends its influence deep into Europe and North Africa. The civil war in the early 1900s, immediately following the First World War, as well as the Arab Revolt, were the signal for the beginning of the end. At the end of World War I Treaty of Sevres divided the greater part of the Ottoman Empire. The last point was the Turkish War of Independence, which resulted in 1922 Constantinople fell.
Inflation and unemployment are the competition as key factors in the death of the Ottoman Empire. Every part of this massive empire were culturally and economically diverse, and their inhabitants, ultimately, wanted to break free.
8. Khmer Empire
Little is known about the Khmer Empire, however, its capital city of Angkor, was said to be very impressive thanks largely to Angkor Vata, one of the world's largest religious monument, built at the zenith of its power. Khmer empire came into existence in the year 802 BC, when Jayavarman II was proclaimed king of the region, which currently belongs to the territory of Cambodia. 630 years later, in 1432 the empire came to an end.
Part of what we know about this empire, we have received from the stone murals found in the region, as well as some information was received from the Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan (Zhou Daguan), who went to Angkor in 1296 and published a book about his experiences. Almost all the time of the empire, she was trying to grab more and more territory. Angkor was the main house of the nobility in the second period of the empire. When the Khmer power began to wane for control of Angkor began to fight the neighboring civilizations.
There are many theories as to why the empire collapsed. Some believe that the king accepted Buddhism, which led to loss of employment, the degeneration of the water system, and, ultimately, a very low yield. Others argue that the Thai kingdom of Sukhothai gained Angkor in the 1400s. Another theory says that the last straw was the transfer of power to the city Oudongu (Oudong), while Angkor was abandoned.
7. The Ethiopian Empire
Taking into account the existence of the Ethiopian empire, we surprisingly little is known about it. Ethiopia and Liberia were the only African countries that have managed to resist the European "Scramble for Africa". Long existence of the empire began in 1270 when the Solomonic dynasty overthrew the dynasty Zagwe, saying that it is they own the rights to this land, as bequeathed to King Solomon. Since then, the dynasty then turned into an empire, by combining new civilizations under their rule.
It lasted until 1895, when Italy declared war on the Empire, then, and the problems started. In 1935, Benito Mussolini ordered his soldiers to invade Ethiopia, as a result of the war raging there for seven months, leaving Italy was declared the winner in this war.From 1936 to 1941 the Italians ruled the country.
Ethiopian empire expanded greatly its border and has exhausted its resources, as we have seen in the previous examples. Rather, the resources of Ethiopia became more powerful, in particular, we are talking about a huge coffee plantations. Civil wars have contributed to the weakening of the empire, however, the head of all, though, standing desire to expand in Italy, which led to the downfall of Ethiopia.
6. Kanem Empire
We know very little about the Kanem Empire and how its people lived, most of our knowledge we have received from the detected in 1851 a text document called Girgam. Over time, they became the main religion of Islam, but, as expected, the introduction of religion could cause internal strife in the early years of the empire. Kanem Empire was created around the year 700 and lasted until 1376. It was located on the territory of Chad, Libya and Nigeria.
According to documents found, people Zaghawa (Zaghawa people) founded their capital in 700, the city Nzhime (N'jimi). History of Empire divided between the two dynasties - Duguwa and Sayfawa (the driving force that brought Islam).Its expansion has continued in the period when the king declared a holy war, or jihad, all the surrounding tribes.
The military system, designed to facilitate jihad was based on the principles of the state of hereditary nobility, in which soldiers received part of the land conquered by them in this land were listed for them for many years, even their sons could dispose of them. This system has led to the outbreak of civil war, which weakened the empire and made it vulnerable to attack foreign enemies.Invaders Bulan (Bulala) were able to quickly take over the capital and, finally, in 1376 to take control of the empire.
Lesson Kanem Empire shows how wrong decisions provoke internal conflict, in which the once mighty people become vulnerable. This scenario is repeated throughout history.
5. The Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was seen as a revival of the Western Roman Empire, it was considered as a political counterweight to the Roman Catholic Church. Its name, however, comes from the fact that the emperor was chosen by voters, but he was crowned pope in Rome. Empire existed from 962 for 1806 and occupied a vast territory of what is now Central Europe, first of all, a big part of Germany.
Empire came into existence when Otto I was proclaimed King of Germany, however, he later became known as the first Holy Roman Emperor. Empire consisted of 300 different areas, however, after the Thirty Years War in 1648, it was fragmented, thus the seeds of independence were planted.
In 1792, an uprising took place in France. By 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte forced the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II to abdicate, then, the empire was renamed the Confederation of the Rhine. As the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of various ethnic groups and smaller kingdoms. Ultimately, the desire to become independent of these kingdoms led to the disintegration of the empire.
4. Empire Silla
Little is known about the early days of the empire of Silla, however, to the sixth century it was very difficult arranged a society based on origin, where pedigree is everything from the clothes that you can wear this or that person and ending with the working activity, which he allowed to do . Although this system has helped the empire initially get a large number of land, it is also, ultimately led to its demise.
Silla Empire was born in 57 BC and occupied the territory that is now owned by North and South Korea. Kin Park Hiokgeos (Kin Park Hyeokgeose) was the first ruler of the empire. During his reign, the empire is constantly expanding, conquering a growing number of kingdoms on the Korean peninsula. In the end, it formed a monarchy. Chinese Tang Dynasty and Silla Empire were at war in the seventh century, however, the dynasty was defeated.
Century civil war among senior households, as well as among the vanquished kingdoms made a doomed empire. Finally, in 935 AD, the empire ceased to exist and became part of the new state of Koryo, which waged war in the 7th century. Historians do not know the exact circumstances that led to the destruction of the empire of Silla, however, the general view is that the neighboring countries were unhappy with the continuing expansion of the empire through the Korean peninsula. Numerous theories converge on the fact that the smaller kingdom attacked for sovereignty.
3. The Republic of Venice
The pride of the Venetian Republic was its massive naval fleet, allowing it to quickly prove its power across Europe and the Mediterranean, winning such important historical cities like Cyprus and Crete. The Venetian Republic was amazing 1100 years, from 697 until 1797. It all started when the Western Roman Empire to fight with Italy, and when the Venetians announced Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Paolo Lucio Anafesto) his Duke. Empire has experienced several significant changes, however, it has consistently expanded and became what is now known as the Republic of Venice, feuding among others, with the Turks and the Ottoman Empire.
A large number of wars greatly weakened the defensive power of the empire.City Piedmont soon resigned France and Napoleon Bonaparte took part of the empire. When Napoleon put an ultimatum in 1797 Doge Ludovico Manin (Doge Ludovico Manin) surrendered and Napoleon began to manage Venice.
Republic of Venice is a classic example of how an empire that stretches across vast distances, is not able to protect their capital. Unlike other empires, it does not kill the civil war and war with its neighbors. Appreciate the Venetian navy, which was once invincible, spread over too long distances and was unable to protect his own empire.
2. Empire Kush
Kush Empire lasted from about 1070 BC to 350 AD and occupied the territory that is now owned by the Republic of Sudan. Throughout its long history, very little information is stored on the political system in the region, however, there is evidence of the monarchies in the last years of existence. However, the empire of Kush led several small countries in the region, while managing to retain power. The economy of the Empire depended heavily on trade in iron and gold.
Some data suggest that the empire was attacked by the tribes of the desert, while other scientists believe that over-reliance on iron led to deforestation, forcing people to "flow".
Other empires have fallen because they have used their own people or neighboring countries, however, the theory of deforestation suggests that the empire of Kush fell because that ruined their own land. And the rise and fall of the empire proved fatal linked to the same industry.
1. The Eastern Roman Empire
The Roman Empire is not simply one of the most famous in history, it is also an empire that lasted the longest. She went through several periods, but, in fact, lasted from 27 BC until 1453 AD - A total of 1480 years. Republic, which preceded it, were destroyed by civil wars, and Julius Caesar became dictator.Empire extended to the territory of modern Italy, and much of the Mediterranean region. Empire has more power, but the Emperor Diocletian in the third century "introduced" a key factor in ensuring long-term success and prosperity of the empire. He determined that the two emperors can control, thereby facilitating the stress associated with the seizure of a large number of areas. Thus, the foundations were laid for the existence of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire.
Western Roman Empire disappeared in 476, when German troops revolted and overthrew the imperial throne with Romulus Augustus. Eastern Roman Empire after 476 years continued to prosper, becoming better known as the Byzantine Empire.
Class conflicts have led to the civil war years 1341-1347, which not only reduced the number of small states that were part of the Byzantine Empire, but also allowed short-lived Serbian empire in a short period of time to rule in certain areas of the Byzantine Empire. Social upheaval and plague contributed to a further weakening of the kingdom. In conjunction with the growing unrest in the empire, plague and social turmoil, she finally fell, when the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453.
Although the strategy of co-emperor Diocletian, which undoubtedly greatly increased the "life expectancy" of the Roman Empire, it suffered the same fate as the other empires, whose massive expansion in the end, it provoked different ethnic nationalities in the struggle for sovereignty.
These empires lasted the longest in history, but each of them had their weaknesses, even the use of the land or people, none of empires has been unable to contain social unrest caused by class conflicts, unemployment or lack of resources.
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