Linguistic genocide is often used throughout history for one reason or another. Sometimes it was an attempt to establish the authority of the ruling power, and sometimes attempt to assimilate ethnic minorities, and sometimes it's desire to ensure linguistic unity.
10. The campaign "Speak Mandarin"
Singapore's government has launched a campaign "Speak Mandarin" in 1979 to promote, as the name implies, Mandarin among Chinese Singaporeans. The policy has been the subject of sharp criticism, especially since the majority of Chinese Singaporeans came from southern China, where not speak Mandarin.The campaign, the government banned the local media to use any other dialect of Chinese and foreign media access to the country has been severely restricted. Still, the campaign managed to achieve some success, as a result of Mandarin has become a very common and other versions of the Chinese language have been used less and less. Currently, because of this there are problems in communication between the older and younger generations.
9. Hawaiian language
The sharp decline in the frequency of use of the Hawaiian language began in the 1820s due to the significant influence of the missionaries present on the islands. They contributed to the constantly increasing number of Hawaiians who are learning English, naturally at the expense of Hawaiian. Deliberate attacks on the Hawaiian language began in 1893 when the interim government formed after the fall of the monarchy, trying to establish dominance over the Hawaiian English. Since 1896 teaching Hawaiian language was banned in public schools, the practice continued in the 20th century. Today, there are about 2,000 speakers, although its efforts to the study and teaching of the language in Hawaiian schools do have some success.
8. Ryukyusky language
Genocide against ryukyuskogo language began when in the late 19th century, the Ryukyu kingdom lost its independence from Japan. The Japanese government harshly suppressed the language, especially in the field of education. In Okinawa and other regions of the students severely punished if they spoke on something other than the standard Japanese language, they were forced to wear around their necks "dialect map." Since the end of the Second World War to the present day in Japan it believed that ryukyusky language has the status of degraded Japanese dialect, but not a separate language. At present, attempts are being made to preserve the language, however, the outlook is far from rosy, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are native only to the Japanese language.
7. Korean language
Korea was occupied by Japan between 1910 and 1945, during which time the country was suffering from cultural genocide, which is manifested primarily in the suppression of the Korean language. In schools, the main language of instruction was Japanese, at that time, as the Korean was only an optional subject, however, was subsequently introduced a complete ban on the use of the Korean language. Moreover, the language was banned and in the workplace. As part of its cultural policy of assimilation, Japan introduced a system of rules which the Koreans would "voluntarily" give up their Korean names, and instead take a Japanese, but many people are often forced to change the names in Japanese. Colonization over Japan's surrender in World War II, however, this fact is still casts a shadow over relations between the countries.
6. Russification
Russification policy applies to both Czarist Russia and the Soviet Union to take action. Often, the Russian government is trying to impose its authority minorities under their control, in order to quell separatism and the possibility of revolt. In particular, Ukraine and Finland Russification was used as a means of asserting political domination.
One of the most striking examples of Russification, this suppression in the 19th century, Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian languages. The use of local schools and public places of native languages was prohibited, and, after a series of rebellions rules only tightened.
In the Soviet Union, the Arabic alphabet was eliminated and most languages have been adapted for the Cyrillic alphabet. In the early years of the USSR, on the contrary they develop minority languages and their use was encouraged, however, soon relation to local languages radically changed. As a result, many people prefer Russian their mother tongue, and today the Russian language is still widely used in the former Soviet republics.
5. British Isles
In connection with the domination of England over Wales, Scotland and Ireland in these regions was introduced English, but with devastating consequences for the local languages. Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Scots and Irish (among others) have been banned for use in the field of education, which proved fatal to the survival of these languages. In Wales, children and students at first punished as follows for speaking Welsh: in the 1800s it around his neck hung a large wooden block with two letters "WN" ("no Welsh"), later they started beating for speaking languages other than English . Thus, the Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish have a lower status than English, not to mention the fact that the Scots was not even recognized as a separate language. This went on until the early 20th century, when the British government with varying degrees of success began to take measures to protect these languages. In all countries, the United Kingdom in the local languages spoken by minorities, and they are still in second position after English.
4. Bergonie
La Vergonha (with Occitan "shame") - a concept that is used in the policy of the French government to linguistic minorities in France. Native speakers felt humiliated, they were not allowed to study at the school in their native language, their denigrated in society, they are even in the media can not speak on it. In the late 18th century, it's not French was banned for use in education and administration for the purpose of "linguistic association" of France. In the late 19th century, there were schools of punishment, if one of the students was caught on the fact that the talks are not in French. They were also forced to wear around their necks massive freak "adaptation". Discrimination against the French language does not continues to this day and remains a taboo subject.The current president, Nicolas Sarkozy has refused to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, treaty aimed at the protection and promotion of regional languages.
3. Chinese in Indonesia
Ethnically, the Chinese population in Indonesia has faced serious discrimination under President Suharto, who was in power from 1967 to 1998.During this period, the harsh suppression of the Chinese language, which was banned for use in virtually all spheres of life. All Chinese newspaper ceased to exist, all the schools were closed, the Chinese written language was banned in public places, and the police would brutally punish those who spoke Chinese.Even the names of the people were not immune to this cultural genocide, because they were forced to replace them Indonesian. The strength of the policies of Suharto in conjunction with the social stigma associated with what it means to be Chinese in Indonesia, unfortunately, came to fruition, because so many young people have lost the language of their parents. Following the resignation of Suharto, all prohibitions related to the Chinese language, have been canceled.
2. Franco's Spain
During the reign of Franco from 1939 to 1975, regional and minority languages in Spain were subjected to severe discrimination, thereby asserted the dominance of the Spanish language. Language policy Franco mainly to facilitate the movement of nationalism, in which Spanish was to be the only official language of the country. Public use of any other language was forbidden, as well as all of the names were banned, except for Spanish. Strict policy began in the 1940s and 1950s, however, the end of his reign, it became relatively bearable. To further secure the low status of the language, they are often called dialects of Spanish, meaning that they are not separate languages. The largest regional languages are Basque, Catalan and Galician, but all of them were victims of the policy of Franco.
1. The Kurdish language
Kurds often in different countries discriminated against, while if he was not the Kurdish people to commit genocide, their language still it is. Iraq is perhaps the most "friendly country" that takes the Kurdish population of its official language, moreover, there is allowed the use of language in education, administration and media.Unfortunately, not all countries have such an attitude can be traced.
Turkey tried to assimilate not speak the Turkish language, since 1930, that's when the Kurdish language and culture were banned. The Kurds were considered uncivilized and ignorant people, and any attempt to self-identify these people was perceived as a crime. The situation changed when in 1991 Turkey has legalized partial use of the Kurdish language. Since restrictions were becoming weaker and weaker: the Kurdish language in the educational system is no longer considered to be outside the law, it reduced the number of restrictions on the media. However, language discrimination in the country is still there, despite the progressive improvement.
Something similar happened in Iran, where the government in the early 20th century, pursued a policy of consolidation of the Persian language. Kurdish was completely banned in schools and public institutions, and later left the law on a total ban on the use of this language. In Syria today the use of the Kurdish language is banned in most areas.
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